Table 6 Immunotherapy in clinical trials

Passive immunizations

ABBV-0805

AbbVie/BioArctic

C-terminus

Binds oligomeric/protofibrillar α-syn

Phase 1 completed

Well-tolerable and safe

[156]

Phase 2 discontinued due to unknown company withdrawn

-

[157, 158]

Lu AF82422

Genmab A/Lundbeck

C-terminus

Binds to all major forms of extracellular α-syn

Phase 1 completed

Well-tolerable and safe

[159]

Phase 2 completed

Consistent slowing in clinical progression albiet not statistically significant

[160]

UCB7853

UCB

C-terminus

Binds to aggregated α-syn

Phase 1 completed

No results posted

[161]

Cinpanemab (BIIB054)

Biogen/Neurimmune

N-terminus

Binds to aggregated α-syn

Phase 1 completed

Well-tolerable and safe

[162]

Phase 2 completed

No differences to placebo in progression of motor function, nonmotor function, activities of daily living, quality of life, or imaging biomarkers

[163]

Prasinezumab (PRX002/RG7935)

Roche/Prothena

C-terminus

Binds to aggregated α-syn

Phase 1 completed

Well-tolerable and safe; brain penetration and decreased α-syn levels in free serum

[164]

Phase 2 completed

No significant slowed decline of PD progression

[165]

Phase 2b ongoing

-

Active Immunizations

PD01A

AFFiRiS AG/AC Immune SA

C-terminus

mimics an epitope in C-terminal region of α-syn

Phase 1 completed

Well-tolerable and safe; increased antibodies observed

[167]

Phase 1 completed

Generated α-syn-reactive IgG in 89% patients

[169]

PD03A

AFFiRiS AG/AC Immune SA

C-terminus

mimics an epitope in C-terminal region of α-syn

Phase 1 completed

Well-tolerable and safe; substantial IgG antibody response

[168]

Phase 1 completed

Generated α-syn-reactive IgG in 58% patients

[169]

UB-312

United Neuroscience/Vaxxinity

C-terminus

10-amino-acid fragment from C-terminus fused with peptide activating T-helper cells

Phase 1 completed

Well-tolerable and safe; induced antibodies in serum and cerespinal fluid

[170]

Phase 1b ongoing

-